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Heating elements are used in household appliances, industrial equipment, and scientific instruments enabling them to perform tasks such as cooking, warming, or maintaining specific temperatures higher than the ambient. Heating elements may be used to transfer heat via conduction, convection, or radiation.
Heating elements. Ceramic fin is one type of heating element used in heaters. These units contain a solid block of ceramic material with metal fins attached. An electric current heats the block, which in turn heats the fins. The fins then heat the air.
An electric radiative space heater. Electric infrared radiant heating uses heating elements that reach a high temperature. The element is usually packaged inside a glass envelope resembling a light bulb and with a reflector to direct the energy output away from the body of the heater.
Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW) [1] and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial ...
Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements. It has six naturally occurring isotopes. It is one of the rarer elements in Earth's crust, with an average abundance of approximately 5 μg /kg. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa ...
Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 [1] as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat (except for solvent welding ). Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, application of heat and pressure ...
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA) ( Pub. L. 111–5 (text) (PDF) ), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009. Developed in response to the Great Recession, the primary objective of this federal statute was to save ...
The Brave Little Toaster is a 1987 American independent [4] animated musical drama film directed by Jerry Rees. [5] It is based on the 1980 novella of the same name by Thomas M. Disch. [6]
California's capital, Sacramento, is located in the Central Valley . Prior to European colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization by the Spanish Empire.
The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ), derisively nicknamed the Star Wars program, was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic nuclear missiles. The concept was announced in 1983, by President Ronald Reagan, [1] a critic of the doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD), which he ...