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Frequency response. In signal processing and electronics, the frequency response of a system is the quantitative measure of the magnitude and phase of the output as a function of input frequency. [1] The frequency response is widely used in the design and analysis of systems, such as audio and control systems, where they simplify mathematical ...
In electrical engineering and control theory, a Bode plot / ˈboʊdi / is a graph of the frequency response of a system. It is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot, expressing the magnitude (usually in decibels) of the frequency response, and a Bode phase plot, expressing the phase shift . As originally conceived by Hendrik Wade Bode ...
The step response of a system in a given initial state consists of the time evolution of its outputs when its control inputs are Heaviside step functions. In electronic engineering and control theory, step response is the time behaviour of the outputs of a general system when its inputs change from zero to one in a very short time.
Control systems. In control theory the impulse response is the response of a system to a Dirac delta input. This proves useful in the analysis of dynamic systems; the Laplace transform of the delta function is 1, so the impulse response is equivalent to the inverse Laplace transform of the system's transfer function .
Linear and nonlinear control theory. The field of control theory can be divided into two branches: Linear control theory – This applies to systems made of devices which obey the superposition principle, which means roughly that the output is proportional to the input. They are governed by linear differential equations.
An example response of system to sine wave forcing function. Time axis in units of the time constant τ. The response damps out to become a simple sine wave. Frequency response of system vs. frequency in units of the bandwidth f 3dB. The response is normalized to a zero frequency value of unity, and drops to 1/√2 at the bandwidth.
The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part of the system's frequency response that lies within 3 dB of the response at its peak, which, in the passband filter case, is typically at or near its center frequency, and in the low-pass filter is at or near its cutoff frequency. If the maximum gain is 0 dB, the 3 ...
In mathematics, physics, electronics, control systems engineering, and statistics, the frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency (and possibly phase), rather than time, as in time series. [1] Put simply, a time-domain graph shows how a signal changes over time, whereas a frequency ...
β = 0 , {\displaystyle \beta =0,} the Duffing equation describes a damped and driven simple harmonic oscillator, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the amplitude of the periodic driving force; if. γ = 0 {\displaystyle \gamma =0} the system is without a driving force, and. ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the angular frequency of the periodic driving ...
Transient response. In electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, a transient response is the response of a system to a change from an equilibrium or a steady state. The transient response is not necessarily tied to abrupt events but to any event that affects the equilibrium of the system. The impulse response and step response are ...